In the vast expanse of our planet, lakes are more than just serene bodies of water; they are vital ecosystems that provide a multitude of services, often referred to as blue ecosystem services (BES). These services, ranging from maintaining biodiversity to supporting human livelihoods, are the focus of a comprehensive meta-analysis led by Paola Montenegro-Díaz from the Universidad del Azuay in Ecuador. The study, published in the journal Environmental Research Communications, which translates to Environmental Research Communications, sheds light on the current state of knowledge about lakes’ BES and highlights critical gaps that need to be addressed.
The research team analyzed 250 peer-reviewed articles, culled from an initial screening of 1,910, to assess the state of knowledge on lakes’ BES. They found that while studies on lakes’ BES have grown steadily, there is a significant geographical bias. “Studies are predominantly concentrated in Europe, Asia (particularly China), and North America,” Montenegro-Díaz explained. “This leaves substantial knowledge gaps in Africa, South America, and Oceania, regions where communities are heavily dependent on freshwater resources for their livelihoods.”
The meta-analysis identified 19 types of lake BES, with biodiversity maintenance and nutrient cycling being the most studied. Tourism and recreation, along with water storage for irrigation, food, and raw-material supply, also garnered significant attention. However, the role of lakes in hydrological and climate regulation, pollutant dilution, drinking water provision, and educational and symbolic values remains understudied.
The study also highlighted common pressures on lakes’ BES, including invasive and exotic species, nutrient alterations, and disruptions to water source connectivity. These pressures primarily impact habitats, water quality, and food production. Management responses to these challenges include policies and programs for water sustainability, hard infrastructure that prioritizes direct human benefits, and nature-based solutions that enhance habitats and water quality.
For the energy sector, the implications are profound. Lakes play a crucial role in hydrological and climate regulation, which are essential for sustainable energy production. Understanding and managing these ecosystem services can help mitigate risks and enhance the resilience of energy infrastructure. “Future research must integrate ecological, hydrological, and social connectivity of lakes,” Montenegro-Díaz emphasized. “This will require coordinated, large-scale, long-term monitoring supported by transdisciplinary collaboration.”
The study underscores the need for a more holistic approach to lake management, one that considers the interconnectedness of ecological, hydrological, and social factors. By addressing the identified knowledge gaps and integrating nature-based solutions, we can better manage lakes’ BES and ensure their sustainability for future generations. This research not only advances our understanding of lakes’ ecosystem services but also paves the way for more effective and sustainable management practices in the energy sector and beyond.