In the heart of Ghana’s peri-urban areas, a silent threat lurks beneath the surface, one that could have significant implications for public health and the energy sector. A recent study, led by Samuel Nunoo from the Department of Earth Science at the University of Ghana, has shed light on the fluoride health risks and the corrosiveness and scaling potency of groundwater in these regions. The research, published in the journal Environmental Systems Research (translated as “Environmental Systems Research”), offers a comprehensive assessment using multimethod techniques, providing valuable insights for policymakers, water utility companies, and energy providers.
The study reveals that 17% of the area has a high fluoride risk, while 24% faces moderate risks. Even more alarming, 59% of the area poses a health risk to children, and 48% to adults. “The dissolution of biotite, fluorapatite, and cryolite is the most likely source of the fluoride,” explains Nunoo. This finding underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions to mitigate these health risks.
But the implications extend beyond health. The study also assesses the corrosiveness and scaling potential of the groundwater, which can have significant commercial impacts for the energy sector. Corrosive water can damage metallic water supply, storage, and plumbing systems, leading to costly repairs and replacements. “The metallic water supply, storage, and plumbing systems within Asuotwene, Tenbibian, Osiem, and Kukuruntumi would require regular monitoring, maintenance, and replacement to ensure the safe and sustainable use of the groundwater within these catchments,” Nunoo warns.
The study uses a range of indices and techniques, including the Langelier saturation index (LSI), Puckorius scaling index (PSI), Ryznar stability index (RSI), Larson-Skold index (L-SI), and aggressive index (AI) for corrosiveness and scaling evaluations. These were complemented by factor analysis, predictive modeling, sensitivity analysis, and spatial mapping. The prediction models for LSI, L-SI, RSI, AI, and PSI performed well, with R2 values greater than 0.75, indicating their potential for future groundwater management strategies.
The research also highlights the need for regular monitoring and maintenance of water systems in the affected areas. This could open up opportunities for companies specializing in water treatment and system maintenance, as well as for energy providers looking to ensure the longevity of their infrastructure.
As Ghana and other developing countries strive to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6 and 9, this research underscores the importance of prioritizing groundwater quality assessments. It also highlights the need for a multidisciplinary approach, combining health, environmental, and commercial considerations.
In the words of Nunoo, “This study is a call to action. It’s not just about understanding the problem; it’s about finding sustainable solutions that protect public health and support economic development.” As we look to the future, this research could shape the way we approach groundwater management, not just in Ghana, but in similar regions around the world.