In the arid landscapes of Iran, qanats have long been a lifeline, ingenious water management systems that have sustained communities for millennia. Yet, these ancient structures, recently recognized by UNESCO, are under threat, and a new study by Nahid Kamaladini, from the Department of Tourism Management, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran, sheds light on the critical factors endangering these vital heritage sites.
The study, published in ‘آب و توسعه پایدار’ (Water and Sustainable Development), focuses on the eastern counties of Kerman Province, home to some of Iran’s most impressive qanats. These underground aqueducts, with their intricate networks of vertical shafts and horizontal tunnels, have historically provided water for agriculture, domestic use, and even industrial processes, including energy production. However, their future is uncertain due to boundary violations that compromise their structural integrity and water quality.
Kamaladini’s research identifies six key factors contributing to these violations: insufficient public awareness, limited access to information, poor documentation and mapping, lack of appropriate laws, inadequate enforcement, and weak local management. “The lack of public awareness is particularly alarming,” Kamaladini notes. “Many people simply don’t understand the importance of these structures or the consequences of encroaching on their boundaries.”
The commercial impacts are significant, especially for the energy sector. Qanats have historically supported industries that require substantial water resources. Violations can lead to reduced water flow and quality, directly affecting energy production processes that rely on these water sources. For instance, hydroelectric power generation, which depends on consistent water flow, could be severely impacted.
Moreover, the degradation of qanats can lead to increased water scarcity, forcing industries to seek alternative, often more expensive, water sources. This not only drives up operational costs but also creates a ripple effect throughout the local economy. “The energy sector is not the only one at risk,” Kamaladini warns. “Agriculture, tourism, and even local livelihoods are all interconnected with the health of these qanats.”
The study’s findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to protect these heritage sites. Enhanced public education, improved documentation, and stricter enforcement of existing laws are crucial steps. Local management also needs to be strengthened, ensuring that communities are actively involved in the preservation efforts.
As we look to the future, Kamaladini’s research could shape policy and practice in the water, sanitation, and drainage industry. It highlights the need for a holistic approach that integrates cultural heritage preservation with sustainable water management. By addressing the identified factors, stakeholders can ensure that qanats continue to support local economies and communities, including the energy sector, for generations to come.
The study serves as a call to action, reminding us that the preservation of these ancient water systems is not just about heritage but also about ensuring the sustainability of vital resources for future generations.
